Can solar panels improve grid flexibility in building energy supply systems?

The multi-objective optimization results, incorporating load match ratio, grid flexibility factor, and lifetime levelized cost of energy, indicated that integrating PV panels, static battery storage, and EVs can improve grid flexibility in building energy supply systems with TOU pricing.

How much energy does a PV system consume?

Assuming the power from the PV system is entirely consumed by the building's electricity demand without considering the energy loss, the PV system can theoretically account for 33.9 % of the building’s annual electricity demand.

What is energy storage?

Energy storage is an essential technology for managing building energy flexibility . In , energy flexibility in buildings is defined as the ability to manage energy demand and generation according to local weather conditions, user needs, and grid requirements.

What is the peak-to-Valley ratio of a PV-HES system?

Under certain peak-to-valley ratios, such as 1.1:1:0.8, 1.1:1:0.7, and 1.1:1:0.6, only one storage technology is applied in the building energy system. 4.3. The effects of capacity and COP of heat pump on the system performance of the PV-HES system

How can energy storage configuration be optimized?

Consequently, the optimal energy storage configuration is obtained by minimizing the net present cost (NPC), which includes initial investment (IC), operation cost (OPC) and replacement costs (RC), as calculated by Eq. (24). Due to the relatively small impact of system maintenance costs , they are neglected in this study.

How to reduce energy storage sizing in HVAC system models?

For the baseline case, the energy for the standard air conditioning load is fully supplied by the heat pump. To reduce the computation cost in the energy storage sizing optimization, some studies simplify the COPs for cooling and heating of the HVAC system models by using fixed values [44, 53, 54].